Inequalities Within Healthcare Interactions in New Zealand

Inequalities Within Healthcare Interactions in New Zealand KENT JOSEPH PACA INTRODUCTION Inequality is commonly defined as the quality or condition of being relatively unequal and basically there is imbalance or disparity within the circumstance. In the healthcare setting, there are several factors to consider in order for every individual to attain wellness, demonstrate the acquisition and promotion of holistic well-being on all aspect of human life such as physical, social, psychological and spiritual. Knowingly, disparities within healthcare could greatly affect and a considerable factor for it to be a hindrance towards achieving optimum health through all individual. Considering that New Zealand is a multi-cultural country in which the most percentage of its population are immigrant people from all over the world with different ethnic identity, cultural orientation, religion and outlook in life towards healthcare whom each one of these individual most likely are concern with their health status and well-being. These differences are important areas needed to be taken into great consideration as it would probably have a huge impact towards the issue of inequality with regards to healthcare interactions. In this paper, common inequality issues in healthcare interaction being experienced by every pacific islanders, Maori people and immigrants in New Zealand will be provided with interventions and resolutions to somehow reduce inequality and further promote equality among every individual living in this country. BODY In New Zealand, one important dimension of inequality regarding health promotion and any other healthcare situations is ethnic identity considering its differences when it comes to health beliefs, knowledge and ideas regarding improvement of health. It is a proven fact that every individual has his/her right to health, he/she has the right to acquire full healthcare access and quality services and most importantly has the right to have proper information and be given the knowledge and ideas regarding prevention of illness thus promote wellness within oneself. But because of the one determinant to health considered as a barrier for people achieving good health which is communication and professional interaction among healthcare providers to their clients, disparity or unequal treatment are being experience to most people living in this country especially among the pacific islanders and Maori people. Despite the fact that technology is proven to be adequate in terms of resources and fu nding are provided to every individual, the issue of inequality still linger and must be taken seriously as a problem towards achieving optimum health. Inequality in healthcare interaction could widely be affected looking into a person’s socio-economic status and its stability in life. It is a proven fact that inequality roughly limits the opportunities of an individual’s full potential and its capabilities. That is the reason why equality is desirable. With people having a less outlook towards good health and negative perception on it, this could probably affect its concern towards proper well-being. In fact most people having this negative outlook towards health are those individual who are unfortunate enough in terms of socioeconomic status because this will hinder the proper accumulation of the right pattern towards acquisition of equality towards health. These people because of their stability status mostly didn’t have the proper education thus the knowledge and accurate ideas towards prevention of illness, promoting of good health are not properly sustained. Almost all people especially individual living in New Zealand have different outlook towards health. Maori people have their own health beliefs as well as other ethnic people living in this country. These factors are often referred as determinants to health which greatly affect the quality of healthcare for the people. Factors are categorized into two (2); unchangeable and changeable factors. The unchangeable factor refers to the hereditary implications, age and sex to the Maori and pacific islanders in which most of these are growing into an obese individual without any care and concern regarding their dietary intake. Through this factor these individual should be provided with the right information and knowledge regarding the benefit of having a good and balance health condition. Also, they should be given an input on the consequences of having too much of everything especially with their dietary consumption. The changeable factor that would be the most important factor in order fo r this determinant of health to be regulated consists of; Individual lifestyle, social and community influences and working condition. These changeable factors determine an individual’s way of life, on how they survive on a daily basis and its influences socially and in the community. To be specific individual lifestyle of most Maori individual often times associate oneself to daily vices such as the use of prohibited drugs, commonly most of them use cigarette as part of their vices as maybe being influence by their older relatives and ancestors. All of this conditions and factors are negative impacts towards health promotion and such actions on the latter part of life could greatly affect health status of an individual thus consequences of having these vices which are contributing factors leading to bad health behaviour will conclude one’s life if not being manage properly and implementations of reducing such doings will not be applied. Another vital component which plays a role in determining health outcomes is the social environment. The impact of the social environment on health can be seen in the extremely powerful and enduring relationship between health and social and economic inequalities (Dew and Kirkman 2002). The environment surrounding an individual and its social interaction plays a vital role and demonstrate an impact can have on people and their health outcomes. An area that is considered to be a high risk for diseases and infection could be a threatening environment for individual living in the place and somehow promotion of good health outcomes to the people will outweigh the brighter side of its objectives. Most Maori people and other ethnic groups living in New Zealand have different perspective in life concerning health outcomes with most of them rely on their health beliefs in managing health. It is also a concern to some of these people of being non-compliant to treatment plan despite the fact o f having all the access towards quality service of healthcare being provided by the New Zealand government. This attitudes could also somehow are in connection to influential attributes from their ancestors regarding health issues and how to manage such health condition leading to ineffective and disparity towards health. According to the New Zealand Ministry of Health in reducing health inequalities they have provided a framework that entails an implementing and widely comprehensive strategies that will help in overcoming such inequalities in healthcare in this country. They have also proposed some principles for every activity needed to be implemented for inequality issues to be taken into consideration. The proposed framework made by the ministry of health developed four (4) levels in which they foresee these strategies would be beneficial in overcoming inequalities of healthcare. The first level of the strategy is the Structural level. In this strategy the healthcare organization as well as the ministry of health determines the root cause of every inequality experienced by every people in New Zealand. Inequality with regards to socio-economic, ethnical, cultural beliefs and other factors that affects health outcomes are being considered as determinant factors then through these factors planning fo r the implementation will be based on the given and factors being distinguished. Secondly, are the intermediary pathways which target every material, tool needed that intervene every impact that affects health. Next is Health and disability services in which we all know that here in New Zealand policy regarding disability issues are being made in order to compensate every disabled individual in the country. In this way it also promotes equality of healthcare being provided to every individual living in New Zealand especially to individual with disability to Pacific Islander and Maori people. The government promoted different policy on the issue to disability thus giving every individual regardless to its culture, race and ethnicity the rights to live with great lives despite their condition. The last level of strategy to help reduce inequality to healthcare is the Impact. Minimising the impacts or every determinant of healthcare outcomes, disability and illnesses will greatly improv e the quality of life and further develop and promote equality of healthcare. Another factor that influences the reduction of inequality on healthcare is the current implementation of Partnership within New Zealand. This partnership was first represented way back the year 1840 where the signing of partnership Treaty of Waitangi (Te Tiriti o Waitangi) took place. During the sequence of events the Maori people’s leaders signed the treaty that enable the British people take authority of the native lands and resources in accordance and in return the Maori people are guaranteed the full right and ownership of their lands and that they will provide security and development to every resources. Maori people are also given the right and privilege to all British subjects. In this recent time, New Zealand is aiming to the principles of partnership; participation and protection for the people of New Zealand attain equality especially in response to Healthcare delivery system. The New Zealand government fully ensure its commitment to good relationship and bond with other Non-government organization (NGO) or the community sector and in partnership with international healthcare organization in the development and promotion of good health for their people. They tend to adhere on policy to better promote social inclusion of its people thus law-making body provide ideas and knowledge to implement growing strategies and methods for social change on the behaviour of every individual leading to improvement and lifestyle modification aiming for community development. One objective of the ministry of health in New Zealand is to promote people’s rights. This includes the full right of gaining access towards quality healthcare, the provision of the ideas and knowledge pertaining health issues must be provided to every individual seeking medical management. Respect is a value also being emphasized for every individual in the country knowing its multi cultural and diversity among people living in the country. It is known that with different culture a nd religion along with it are different beliefs from its religion regarding health but through respecting their own beliefs and take consideration, embracing their way of managing health issues could also be a significant area to reduce inequality of healthcare interaction. People in the healthcare sector should also take full consideration that New Zealand is a melting pot for immigrants with different races and ethnicity. Having a little bit of idea regarding their culture, beliefs and practices is one way of trying to respect them. Healthcare providers should not be complacent in providing quality care basing on their nationality because in providing an equal care to individual is regardless if a person is black or white. And it is important that holistic care should be an important value in the promotion of wellness to every people. CONCLUSION As all things being considered, disparity and inequality in Healthcare especially the interaction between people living in New Zealand could somehow can be greatly discuss as it becomes an issue in healthcare that needs to be given implementation for it to be intervene and promote equality within the promotion and achievement of well-being to every individual in New Zealand. Knowingly, New Zealand is a country recognised to be a melting pot of ethnic group, races and different people living in. With cultural differences in a country it is prominent to have difficulties in terms of interaction to people especially in the healthcare setting. The value of partnership and respect to all rights of individual in New Zealand are values and tool in which inequality issue can be address and resolve. Predominantly, inequality is one of the common issue being experienced by people especially immigrants, Pacific Islanders and Maori people living in New Zealand but nonetheless, the government is taking action and promote strategies overcoming this issues and making this one of their priority concern. Although this will be for a long term process for it to be fully implemented and shows good result regarding the reduction of such barrier of healthcare outcome but still actions were already implemented and every strategy and plans are widely considered for the better of every individual in New Zealand. Several policy regarding promotion of health are made by the New Zealand Ministry of Health in response to quality delivery of the Healthcare system and development towards healthcare such as the Policy for Health management to Maori people and Disability policy to provide care and associate every disabled individual to the community and giving them equal rights to every person in the country. This group of individual are in need of equal treatment and access to healthcare and through this policies they are given the opportunity to achieve and promote wellness despite the condition they are having. REFERENCE Electronic References: He Korowai Oranga | Ministry of Health NZ. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/populations/maori-health/he-korowai-oranga DHB MÄ ori Health Plans and Health Needs Assessments | Ministry of Health NZ. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/populations/maori-health/dhb-maori-health-plans-and-health-needs-assessments Health and Pacific Peoples in New Zealand. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/people_and_communities/pacific_peoples/pacific-progress-health/influences-on-health-well-being.aspx The Treaty in brief The Treaty in brief | NZHistory, New Zealand history online. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics/treaty/the-treaty-in-brief Journal References: Adams,J., Witten,K., Conway,K. (2009). Community development as health promotion: evaluating a complex locality-based project in New Zealand.Community Development Journal. doi:10.1093/cdj/bsm049 Harris,R., Tobias,M., Jeffreys,M., Waldegrave,K., Karlsen,S., Nazroo,J. (2006). Racism and health: The relationship between experience of racial discrimination and health in New Zealand.Social Science Medicine. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.04.009 Ajwani, S., T. Blakely, B. Robson, M. Tobias and M. Bonne (2003) Decadesof Disparity: Ethnic Mortality Trends in New Zealand 1980–1999, Ministry of Health and University of Otago, Wellington. Matheson,A. (2005). Engaging Communities to Reduce Health Inequalities: Why Partnership?

Both ‘Of Mice And Men’ and ‘The Mayor Of Casterbridge’ end in Tragedy Essay

Both ‘Of Mice And Men’ and ‘The Mayor Of Casterbridge’ end in Tragedy. In what ways and to what extent do the characters in the novels contribute to their own downfall? Discuss the importance of dreams In this essay I intend to explore the ways in which each main protagonist contributes to their own downfall. Both Michael Henchard and Lennie Small were the main focus in each novel, and both had a major dream, this was obvious from the outset. As well as dreams, I believe that fate had a large role to play in both the novels. It known that Thomas Hardy already explored the idea of fate and wrote this. â€Å"It is not the improbabilities of incident that matter, but the improbabilities of character that matter.† He explains in this quote that the fate of that person is what changes future occurrences, and that this is the overriding factor. I believe that Hardy in particular used these ideas in his novel, I will explore fully whether Steinbeck used these ideas aswell. Steinbeck’s novel was set in the great depression, and this is noticeable throughout the story. And is set at a time when ‘The Great American Dream’ was prevalent in society, Lennies dreams represent those of the American public at the time. Lennies major dream is not only to own a ranch in the country, but to tend rabbits in the garden. â€Å"I’d wish’t we’d get the rabbits pretty soon† Lennies dream is very simple. This is for a variety of reasons. The main one being that he is mentally handicapped, and knew not of what life could hold for him. In contrast to this, The Mayor of Casterbridge offers a more complex view to a dream. The chapter when Henchard sells to wife to the sailor makes Henchard make a solemn vow to never drink again, and also to make something better of himself. This is his dream. A difference between the two novels is that Henchards dream is realised whereas Lennies is not. Henchard manages to relieve himself of alcohol for twenty-one years and becomes The Mayor of Casterbridge. Lennie on the other hand has an unrealistic aim in life; to own the rabbits in such a state was unreachable. We can look at many downfalls. I feel that the major contribution is the death of the main woman in each novel. Lennie kills Curley’s wife, who remains nameless throughout the novel, in a panic. Her death directly leads to Lennies death. Whereas Henchards death is a slow gradual process caused for many reasons affecting him. It is however similar in the way that both protagonists cause or contribute to the two women’s deaths. â€Å"Lennie was in a panic. His face was contorted, she screamed then, and Lennies hand closed over her mouth and nose.† Lennies lack of control of himself was directly responsible for his death. Henchard died because of a death also, this time a seizure to his love Lucetta, which was also involving Henchard. Lucetta’s death was the final blow to Henchard’s deteriorating life. â€Å"Tis me, A procession – a scandal – an effigy of me, and him!† Lucetta and Henchard already had a relationship before their second encounter in Casterbridge. This where the idea of fate is introduced. It was this earlier encounter that persuaded Henchard to pursue an interest in Lucetta. I believe that this was fate, and Hardy suggests this very strongly. It is easy to mix fate with irony and I believe that this is relevant to ‘Of Mice and Men’. I believe that the coincidental meeting of Curley’s wife and Lennie can be related to the encounter of Lucetta and Henchard. I also believe that this is Steinbeck using dramatic irony and not him exploring fate. We can also look at the style of each novelist. Thomas Hardy goes into great detail in all of the events in the book, and includes much deeper descriptions of happenings within the novel. He also explored many more with ideas to do with fate. In contrast to this, Steinbeck’s style contains fewer descriptive sentences, and tells things like they are, In fact he originally named the novel ‘†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.’. The book is also far shorter and has less space to analyse situations in as much detail as Hardy does. In each case, there was deciding factor that sped up the rate of their downfall. It was Lennie’s lack of ability to control his temperament, which, when provoked could lead to him causing terrible injury to his ‘opponent’ as it were in Curley’s case. George however held the ability to counteract Lennies temper. â€Å"Leggo his hand Lennie, Leggo†¦ Suddenly Lennie let go his hand.† Lennie’s inability to remove himself from his panicked state of mind by himself causes Curley’s wife’s death, and his own demise. The Factor that sped up Henchard’s downfall was when the townspeople of Casterbridge found out about his ‘drunkard’ past. As the old Furmity woman told the townspeople everything while being at a trial which Henchard was acting as judge. Henchard could only agree with the woman’s words, and try and cope with the lack of respect that was placed by the townspeople. The obvious main downfall of Lennie was that he killed a Curley’s wife, even though it was not what he meant to do, while in The Mayor of Casterbridge, the obvious main contributor to Henchard’s down fall was his terrible past. From the exact moment when the townspeople found out he had sold his wife and daughter in a drunken rage, they lost all trust in him, and his reputation was left in shatters. In Of Mice and Men, Lennie’s great strength causes him problems, as he uses it in the wrong way. In Weed the town he had worked in before, he had been hunted down for molesting a woman, but all he was doing was ‘petting’ her dress because it felt good to him. When she tried to get away he ‘petted’ harder and became panicked and angry, luckily for her she did manage to escape his innocent grasp; and luckily for Lennie and George they managed to escape the ranch workers: â€Å"An you ain’t gonna do no bad things like you did in Weed, neither† â€Å"They run us outa Weed† Lennie also forgets the bad things he has done in the past. George had to remind that he had done ‘a bad thing’ in Weed, so any anger or panic that he has is soon forgotten. When Curley’s wife walked in to talk to him, just before her death, he had just accidentally killed his puppy. All the panic and anger was still in his mind when she walked in, so when he started ‘petting’ her hair and she wanted him to stop. He was panicking even more than he would have been, as a direct result of the frustration of killing the puppy. So the death of the dog being so close to when he was panicking over Curley’s wife’s hair, contributes to the panic and anger, which caused him to kill her, and cause his own demise. Yet again we find out that Lennies mental state and how he loves to pet things contributes to his downfall, it is also his strength that kills the puppy itself. However in The Mayor of Casterbridge it is not Henchard’s strength that is a problem, but his decision to hire Donald Farfrae, who was on his way to America. Henchard quickly changed his mind and employed him, as he was an excellent businessman. The rewards of his work soon came through, but after Henchards past was brought to public attention, the townspeople looked to Farfrae to become Mayor and gain their trust. If Henchard had not employed Farfrae, then the townspeople would have no one to look to place their trust and respect. So by employing Farfrae he had given himself an enemy, without him the townspeople would not have found a better man than Henchard to be Mayor. When Susan and Elizabeth Jane return to Weydon-Priors, and ask the furmity woman if she knows where Michael Henchard went after he sold them in the drunken auction, this conversation leads to Henchards past leaking out. As it is ironic how at this point she does not know much about his whereabouts or stature, but soon she causes him to lose his reputation and position within Casterbridge. If Susan had stayed with the sailor Newson and not tried to find Henchard, then his past may have stayed secret for a longer time if not forever. So what seemed to be a good event to Henchard did indeed come at the price of revealing his past, which lead to his tragedy Another one of Lennie’s downfalls is inability to stand up for himself. This is illustrated by George and the way he stands up for him in front of any with authority. â€Å"Well, I never seen one guy take so much trouble for another guy. I just like to know what your interest is† I believe that George’s Commandment over Lennie disables Lennies right to stand up for himself, thus leading to Lennie’s inability to stand up to Curly which is also one of his downfalls. A comparison to this can be made to ‘The Mayor of Casterbridge’ in the way that Farfrae’s superiority cripples Henchard. This is true even though Farfrae holds great respect for Henchard at the beginning; much like George does for Lennie. In Of Mice and Men, the character Candy gave Lennie and George false hope; as they dreamed to work on and own their own ranch, Candy offered to pay a great deal of money towards it. The reason for doing this was that his dog was shot because it was too old to work, and he feared that the same fate was to be given to him. He tried to counteract this fate by taking part in what he had already called an unrealistic dream. Every damn one of ’em’s got a little piece of land in his head. An’ never a God damn one of ’em ever gets it. This seemed to be his only way out of the situation. This false hope gave George less money to earn to accomplish his dream and so less working time on Curley’s dad’s ranch, he also gave Lennie more freedom and didn’t watch him as closely as he should have. As one day when out Lennie almost killed Crooks, the stable buck, because he said something bad concerning George. This is how fragile Lennie’s temperament was, and so George should have been more responsible and watched him closely, if he had Curley’s wife would not have died, as George would have been there to stop it happening. Lennie is so dependent on George’s every word that he cannot do anything without George’s approval. Henchard tells Elizabeth Jane that she is his daughter, which he knows not to be true, as Susan had told him this in a letter after she had died. Having Elizabeth Jane believing this meant that she was more affectionate towards him, and tried to win over his love as her father. Unfortunately while mourning at her mother’s grave she met Lucetta, who employed her, and also tried to restart the past relationship with Henchard. If Elizabeth Jane had not met Lucetta then Lucetta would not have met Henchard again, meaning that she would not have died and caused more tragedy in Henchard’s life. Henchard then ran into Newson the sailor, who was Elizabeth Jane’s father, and told him that she was dead. The guilt of telling this lies hung over him, and by this time he was bankrupt, Lucetta was dead, Susan was dead, and he had almost lost Elizabeth Jane. This guilt becomes much worse as on Farfrae and Elizabeth Jane’s wedding day Newson is there and has told her the truth about which her father was. Michael having been on bad terms with her anyway, realises what has happened, so instead of trying to make peace with her he leaves. In Of Mice and Men Lennie shows no guilt in killing Curley’s wife as after he has done it all he cares about is not that he has just killed someone, but that he won’t be able to tend to his rabbits anymore: â€Å"George gonna say I done a bad thing. He ain’t gonna let me tend no rabbits.† Lennie is handicapped, so instead of thinking about what he has done he cares more about not being able to tend to his rabbits. Further more all he thinks about after this is what George told him to do if anything bad happened: â€Å"An he said†¦an hide in the brush till he come.† Lennie is unable to deal with any ‘bad things’ which he has done, and he has to rely on George’s every word to get him out of a mess, these two factors contribute greatly to why his life ended in tragedy. Fate could be seen to have much to do with both of the novels, firstly the definition is: â€Å"A force that predetermines events† In both novels fate played its part, for instance if Henchard had not kept Farfrae in Casterbridge, but let him go to America, would Henchard have failed so badly, or at all. This rivalry is a key part of the novel. If Curley’s wife had not gone to see Lennie in the barn that day, she would have lived. If Elizabeth Jane had not bumped into Lucetta, would the relationship with Henchard have occurred? I I believe that we can put all these happenings down to the responsibility of the individual. for example if George had been more responsible for Lennie, then he would have been there when Curley’s wife went to see Lennie, and stopped any danger. I will repeat my previous statement in saying that the writing style suggests that only ‘The Mayor Of Casterbridge’ contained a fate, I believe that ‘Of Mice and Men’ purely contained dramatic irony. When Henchard made Farfrae stay in Casterbridge, he helped the town out of the crisis they were in. Henchard just made the mistake of thinking he was above Farfrae as the Mayor, but as it shows the mob rules, and the townspeople over through Henchard for the better businessman. In conclusion both novels show us two characters with dreams and hopes, which are in the end unfulfilled, but they go about striving for these dreams, because of many reasons, in very different ways. Of Mice and Men tells of the American depression and a simple migrant worker called Lennie, whose strength, mental disability, dependence on his friend and lack of ability to deal with the ‘bad things’ he has done cause his life to end in Tragedy. The Mayor of Casterbridge is set in the fictional town of Casterbridge and tells of a man who worked himself out of his terrible drunkard state and made something of himself, only to in the end have lost the people he loved, become bankrupt, and died a lonely man. I have shown how both characters contribute to their own tragedy, and how Lennie held an unrealistic dream, which he couldn’t achieve, while Henchard accomplished his dream but was unable to hold onto it. Finally I believe that if fate is blamed for the characters lives, and that if everyone’s life is predetermined, then any responsibility is taken off the person whose life it is; blaming fate is taking the easy way out and people should take responsibility for their actions.

Plato and Aristotle: An Analysis Essay

Determining the best form of political association was important to the ancient Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle, and each of them expressed his opinion in important works such as the Republic and Politics. In explaining, comparing, and contrasting the political philosophies of Plato and Aristotle, it is evident that each of them shared the same goal of identifying and promoting the best form of political government. They also shared in common the same philosophy regarding the origins of a political state. The State arises, Plato says through Socrates in the Republic, â€Å"out of the needs of mankind. † (Plato) Aristotle agrees, and declares that the state is a political partnership that exists for purposes of self-sufficiency as well as for the sake of living well. In other words, the State exists in order to provide for the well-being of its citizens. Aristotle expresses this in Politics when he argues, â€Å"the good life is the purpose of the city-state. † (Aristotle) Furthermore, both Aristotle and Plato agreed that Man is by nature a political animal, because he has the ability to express his thoughts about justice. Their respective analyses reflected their respect for justice, and their elevation of it to the highest priority. In the Republic, Plato defines just political rule as a system in which each interest is satisfied to the proper extent and everyone has what is theirs. The philosophers have the knowledge they want; the warriors have the honors they want; and the commoners have the goods and pleasures they want, under the enlightened guidance of philosophers and warriors. The methods of Aristotle and Plato were similar in many ways. They both utilized logic, evaluations of contemporary politics, and lengthy comparisons of various types of political rule to arrive at their conclusions. As citizens of ancient Greece, they both shared much the same outlook on society, religion, morality, and politics. They also shared similar historical perspectives, and their perceptions of contemporary events were formed through the same philosophical context. One of the contrasts between their methods is that Plato used analogies to make his points. He examined a political state by comparing the state with the human soul. Unlike Aristotle, he also used a style of approach in which he made his points through dialogues involving Socrates. He also designed an ideal state run by people he referred to as â€Å"The Guardians† which differed from Aristotle’s approach in Politics, in which style and form more closely resembled an essay or monologue. In Politics, Aristotle emphasized that correct political rule involves pursuing policies which are to the common advantage of the most people. Aristotle reasoned that rulers who placed their own interests above everyone else’s had no political legitimacy, for their tyranny brought suffering upon their own people. Aristotle described the best forms of political rule as kingship, aristocracy and polity, and described the worst forms as tyranny, oligarchy and democracy. Plato was also harshly critical of tyranny, and described it in the Republic as, â€Å"not a matter of minor theft and violence, but of wholesale plunder, sacred and profane, private or public. † (Plato) Both men’s methods involved a comprehensive analysis of the consequences of each form of rule. Aristotle criticized Democracy because its consequences were rule by the multitude, which causes injustice. He criticized Oligarchy because its consequences were rule by the wealthy, which also causes injustice; and he criticized Tyranny because its consequences were dictatorship, which again causes injustice. In terms of the merits of the citizenry, Aristotle notes that the people may collectively be the best judges of certain things, so it is justified for them to take part in deliberations. But like Plato, he feels that the common people are not qualified to share in the highest offices. Both Plato and Aristotle also agree that laws need to be made in accordance with the regime, and agree that the more just a ruler is, the more just the laws will be. Essentially, both Aristotle and Plato asserted that the goal of politics should be justice. One difference between them is that Plato believed that the best claim to rule was education and virtue, although he conceded that there is also a claim to rule based on wealth and on numbers. Another difference is that Aristotle emphasized that the most important task for a leader was to be a lawgiver, and to frame the appropriate constitution for the city-state. In Aristotle’s system, it was the leader’s duty to provide enduring laws, customs, and institutions for the citizens. According to Aristotle, once the constitution was in place, the ruler needed to take the necessary steps to maintain it, to implement reforms when he considered them necessary, and to guard against any subversion of the political system. Aristotle’s emphasis on a constitution sets him apart from Plato, who considered philosopher kingship the best form of political rule. Aristotle described a constitution as â€Å"a certain ordering of the inhabitants of the city-state,† and as â€Å"the way of life† of the citizens. (Aristotle) He also speaks of the constitution of a community as â€Å"the form of the compound† and argues that whether the community is the same over time depends on whether it has the same constitution. (Aristotle) It should be noted that despite the fact that Aristotle’s political views were influenced by Plato, he was very critical of the ideal city-state set forth in Plato’s Republic. He based his criticism on the grounds that Plato’s ideal city-state overvalued political unity, embraced a system of communism that was impractical and inimical to human nature, and neglected the happiness of the individual citizens. In contrast, in Aristotle’s view of the ideal State each and every citizen would possess moral virtue and the equipment to carry it out in practice, and thereby attain a life of excellence and complete happiness. All of the citizens would hold political office and possess private property because â€Å"one should call the city-state happy not by looking at a part of it but at all the citizens. † (Aristotle) In conclusion, the ancient Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle were both concerned with identifying and promoting the best form of political association. In works such as the Republic and Politics, they used similar methods of analysis to evaluate the best form of political rule. For Aristotle, the best form of political rule corresponded to the best way of life for a human being. Since the best way of life is living nobly and according to virtue, the best political form of rule is the one which promotes this kind of life. For Plato, the best form of political rule was Aristocracy, for it involves rule by the best people in the political community. Bibliography Aristotle. Politics. New York: Dover Publications, 2000. Plato. Republic. New York: Viking Press, 1955.

The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1336 Words

Brief Introduction: The Great Gatsby is not a fairytale about the perfect love of star crossed lovers; it is a novel about the idealistic love, corruption of the wealth and the American Dream that is never fulfilled. There are many relationships portrayed throughout the novel; however fail to fulfill the requirements of a real love story. Thesis: To determine if The Great Gatsby elucidates idealistic love it is necessary to examine the one-sided love of Jay Gatsby, the infatuation of Nick Carraway and Jordan Baker and Daisy Buchanan s self-destructive love of both Tom Buchanan and Jay Gatsby. First Point of Direction: In The Great Gatsby Fitzgerald accentuates idealistic love by the one-sided love of Jay Gatsby. Primarily, Gatsby is obsessively in love with Daisy. Fitzgerald highlights Jay Gatsby’s unceasable desire to obtain the unobtainable which deepens his obsession and causes it to magnify. Which in turn make gatsby believed that Daisy is his American Dream. Throughout the novel Gatsby has an inability to let go. Even though Daisy conditionally love Gatsby he still hopes for reciprocated unconditional love; so he determinedly spends his life recreating the past. For example, when Gatsby learns his head against the face of the mantle clock. This symbolizes that Gatsby uses time to sustain his hopes of recapturing Daisy’s heart. Additionally, Gatsby goes as far as believing he can control tim. In the scene , when Gatsby catches the broken clock and saves itShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1393 Words   |  6 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald was the model of the American image in the nineteen twenties. He had wealth, fame, a beautiful wife, and an adorable daughter; all seemed perfect. Beneath the gilded faà §ade, however, was an author who struggled with domestic and physical difficulties that plagued his personal life and career throughout its short span. This author helped to launch the theme that is so prevalent in his work; the human instinct to yearn for more, into the forefront of American literature, where itRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1343 Words   |  6 PagesHonors English 10 Shugart 18 Decemeber 2014 The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald s 1925 novel The Great Gatsby is a tragic love story, a mystery, and a social commentary on American life. The Great Gatsby is about the lives of four wealthy characters observed by the narrator, Nick Carroway. Throughout the novel a mysterious man named Jay Gatsby throws immaculate parties every Saturday night in hope to impress his lost lover, Daisy Buchanan. Gatsby lives in a mansion on West Egg across from DaisyRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1155 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Gatsby The Jazz Age was an era where everything and anything seemed possible. 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There are three major point of this essay are: the background history of Fitzgerald life, the comparisons between Fitzgerald and the Gatsby from his number one book in America The Great Gatsby, and the Fitzgerald got influences of behind the writing and being a writer. From childhood to adulthood, Fitzgerald faced many good andRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald2099 Words   |  9 Pagesauthor to mirror his life in his book. In his previous novels F. Scott Fitzgerald drew from his life experiences. He said that his next novel, The Great Gatsby, would be different. He said, â€Å"In my new novel I’m thrown directly on purely creative work† (F. Scott Fitzgerald). He did not realize or did not want it to appear that he was taking his own story and intertwining it within his new novel. In The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, he imitates his lifestyle through the Buchanan family to demonstrateRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1607 Words   |  7 Pages The Great Gatsby is an American novel written in 1925 by F. Scott Fitzgerald. One of the themes of the book is the American Dream. The American Dream is an idea in which Americans believe through hard work they can achieve success and prosperity in the free world. In F. Scott Fitzgerald s novel, The Great Gatsby, the American Dream leads to popularity, extreme jealousy and false happiness. Jay Gatsby’s recent fortune and wealthiness helped him earn a high social position and become one of the mostRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1592 Words   |  7 PagesMcGowan English 11A, Period 4 9 January 2014 The Great Gatsby Individuals who approach life with an optimistic mindset generally have their goals established as their main priority. Driven by ambition, they are determined to fulfill their desires; without reluctance. These strong-minded individuals refuse to be influenced by negative reinforcements, and rely on hope in order to achieve their dreams. As a man of persistence, the wealthy Jay Gatsby continuously strives to reclaim the love of hisRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1646 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1920s witnessed the death of the American Dream, a message immortalized in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Initially, the American Dream represented the outcome of American ideals, that everyone has the freedom and opportunity to achieve their dreams provided they perform honest hard work. During the 1920s, the United States experienced massive economic prosperity making the American Dream seem alive and strong. However, in Fitzgerald’s eyes, the new Am erican culture build around that